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| Fact Sheet: What You Need to Know About Sex Offenders |
| By Center for Sex Offender Management |
| Published: 07/27/2009 |
This fact sheet highlights key issues related to sex offenses and the management of sex offenders who are under the control of the justice system. It is prepared for members of the public who want to know more about sexual assault, sex offenders, and the role that citizens can play in keeping their communities safe.
What Is Sexual Abuse? Sexual abuse is[1]:
How Common Are Sex Crimes? Sex crimes are unfortunately fairly common in the United States. It is estimated that one in every five girls and one in every seven boys are sexually abused by the time they reach adulthood[2]. One in six adult women and one in 33 adult men experience an attempted or completed sexual assault[3]. How Many Arrests Occur for Sex Offenses? Sex offenses represent under 1% of all arrests[4]. In 2004, the last year for which official report data were available, there were 26,066 arrests for forcible rape and 90,913 arrests for other sex offenses in the United States[5]. Adults account for about 80% of arrests; juveniles for 20%[6]. Males account for approximately 95% of arrests[7]. Are All Sex Crimes Reported? Many victims do not report sexual abuse to authorities because they[8]:
Who Are the Victims? Anyone can be a victim of sexual assault, but women and girls are especially at risk. Females are more than six times as likely as males to be victims of sexual assault[9]. Children are particularly vulnerable. Approximately 67% of all victims of reported sexual assaults are under the age of 18, and more than half of these victims are under the age of 12[10]. Approximately one in four girls and one in seven boys are sexually assaulted before the age of 18[11]. Who Are Offenders Likely to Target? Most sexual offenses are committed by someone the victim knows — either a family member, friend, intimate partner, or acquaintance[12]. About 27% of offenders are strangers[13]. Who Are Sex Offenders? There is no such thing as a “typical” sex offender[14]. Sex offenders can:
Does Being Sexually Abused Cause Sex Offending? Not necessarily – some people who commit sex offenses have been victims of sexual abuse themselves, but many have not. Being sexually abused does not cause people to become sex offenders. In fact, most people who have been sexually abused do not go on to sexually abuse others. What Happens to Convicted Sex Offenders? The courts impose different sentences depending on the offender, the facts of the case, and the state’s laws. Some offenders are sentenced to prison or jail, while others are sentenced directly to community supervision (e.g., probation). For those sentenced to prison or jail, some are released on parole or probation supervision while others are released with no supervision. Approximately 150,000 adult sex offenders are currently in state and federal prisons throughout the United States. Between 10,000 and 20,000 are released to the community each year[15]. Why Do People Commit Sex Crimes? No single factor or combination of factors can fully explain why someone offends sexually, though some factors may combine to increase people’s tendency to offend. These factors are:
About 12 to 24% of sex offenders will reoffend[16]. When sex offenders do commit another crime, it is more often not sexual or violent[17]. (The figures given may be low because sex offenses are often not reported.) Are Some Offenders More Likely to Reoffend than Others? Some offenders are more likely to reoffend than others. Professionals use science-based assessments to estimate the likelihood that someone may reoffend, though these assessments are not guarantees. What Efforts Are Made to Improve Public Safety When Offenders Are in the Community? The majority of convicted sex offenders reside in our communities. With proper treatment and supervision, many can live productive and stable lives. Ideally, all sex offenders who go to prison, jail, or detention should have a period of community supervision (probation or parole) following their release to monitor offenders’ behavior. If offenders are at risk for reoffending or do not comply with their release conditions, they may be returned to confinement. The following strategies are being used in managing sex offenders who are under community supervision. Providing Specialized Supervision Convicted sex offenders may be sentenced to probation or parole as a result of a sexual offense, or they may be placed on probation or parole supervision after they have been in prison, jail, or detention. This means that for a period of time (which varies by jurisdiction), offenders report to a supervising officer and must follow specific rules and conditions that limit their behavior. These “conditions of supervision” depend on an offender’s risk level and risk factors. They often include (but are not limited to):
In some instances, electronic technologies (such as electronic monitoring or GPS devices) help monitor sex offenders while under supervision. Because these technologies are quite expensive and some studies suggest they are most effective with higher-risk offenders[18], these surveillance techniques may be best used with only the highest-risk or violent sex offenders. Providing Specialized Treatment Sex offender treatment can reduce the risk of reoffending[19]. The most effective type of treatment approach involves helping offenders change unhealthy thinking patterns, understand factors that are linked to their offending, and develop effective coping skills. For certain offenders, medications, such as those that reduce testosterone, can also be helpful when they are combined with sex offender-specific treatment[20]. Treatment may be more effective when it is combined with specialized supervision. Helping Offenders Deal with Challenges Following Release from Prison When reentering the community, sex offenders may face many challenges that can cause their lives to be unstable, including[21]:
Ensuring Offenders Have Suitable Housing One of the most serious problems that sex offenders face is finding an appropriate place to live. Zoning or residency restrictions and landlords’ or homeowners’ efforts to keep offenders from moving into their buildings or neighborhoods limit their options. These “safety zones” are found mostly in cities and suburbs — the same places where offenders are most likely to have access to the things they need to be successful in the community, such as jobs, social services, mental health treatment, and transportation. Understanding Residency Restrictions Sex offenders who are under community supervision must have their residence approved by their supervising officers to ensure that it is suitable, while sex offenders who are not under community supervision do not have the same restrictions, unless they live in an area with residency restrictions. Most states have laws that prohibit sex offenders — whether on community supervision or not and whether their crimes involve children or not — from living within 1,000 to 2,000 feet (500 feet in some states) of places where children gather, such as schools and childcare facilities, parks, playgrounds, churches, gyms, swimming pools, libraries, and school bus stops. These zones are often referred to as “child safety zones.” Some states and jurisdictions also limit or forbid sex offenders from passing through child safety zones, which means they also cannot travel on certain roads or bus routes. No research has shown that these restrictions lead to a decrease in sexual reoffending. On the other hand, professionals are concerned that laws that banish or restrict housing options for offenders may eliminate the stability and support that offenders need to be successful in the community[23]. Reunifying and/or Living with Children If offenders who are under community supervision plan to live in the same home as past or potential victims, supervision agencies should first work with other professionals (such as the victim’s/family’s therapist) on a “reunification” process. Before beginning this process, professionals must determine if the benefits of reuniting outweigh the possible risks to past or potential victims. Helping Offenders Find a Suitable Job It is especially important for sex offenders to find appropriate jobs because offenders without stable employment are at a higher risk of reoffending[24]. Finding suitable employment is a challenge for all offenders who are reentering the community, but it can be particularly difficult for sex offenders. Their options can be extremely limited because of concerns about access to potential victims, employers’ reluctance to hire sex offenders, licensing restrictions (e.g., for doctors/nurses, teachers, daycare workers, and security guards), and zoning and residency restrictions that limit the geographic area where offenders can work. Community supervision staff typically review and approve employment to make sure that it is suitable. In many instances, they stay in contact with employers or use other means to ensure that offenders are maintaining suitable employment. What Is the Purpose of Sex Offender Registration? Sex offender registration is designed to help law enforcement investigate new sex crimes. Law enforcement agencies keep identifying information about convicted sex offenders, such as their names, addresses, photographs, and crimes for which they were convicted. The length of time an offender is required to register varies by jurisdiction (e.g., certain offenders may have to register for ten years, others may have to register for life), and so does the frequency with which the offender must update and verify the information. Recent federal legislation created a national sex offender registry that is intended to assure that all states collect and maintain the same information on convicted sex offenders and provides a single Web site where citizens can find information about registered sex offenders. What Is Community Notification? Community notification provides community members access to information about convicted sex offenders. In some cases, community members have to look for the information on their own, for example, on their state registry Web site. In other cases, law enforcement or others inform community members that a sex offender is moving into the area. They may:
What Should I Know About Juvenile Sex Offenders? Juveniles who commit sex offenses are not just younger versions of adult sex offenders. They differ in fundamental ways, including how likely they are to reoffend. These differences affect how law enforcement and other professionals manage juveniles to reduce their rate of reoffense. How Many Juveniles Are Arrested for Sex Offenses? Juveniles under the age of 18 make up just under 20% of those arrested for sex offenses[25]. Each year, there are approximately 2,200 arrests of juveniles for forcible rape and an estimated 9,200 arrests of juveniles for other types of sex offenses[26]. More than 90% of the juveniles who are arrested are male[27]. Victims are often reluctant to come forward, so the actual number of juveniles committing sexual assault may be higher. What Is a “Typical” Juvenile Sex Offender? Just as there is no “typical” adult sex offender, there is no “typical” youth who commits a sex crime. Juvenile offenders can:
Exposure to physical or sexual violence in the home or community, to particularly aggressive male role models, and to pornography (especially material that is very graphic and violent) can be associated with sexually abusive behaviors among youth[28]. How Often Do Juvenile Sex Offenders Reoffend? Juvenile sex offenders appear to respond better to treatment and reoffend less frequently than adult sex offenders. Sexual reoffense rates for youth over several years are estimated at approximately 10%[29]. In addition, if juvenile sex offenders reoffend, they are far more likely to engage in other types of delinquent behavior than to commit new sex crimes[30]. Can Juvenile Sex Offenders be Managed in the Community? In some cases, yes. Placing juvenile sex offenders in custody does not necessarily reduce offending over time. In fact, it can actually increase the likelihood of reoffense as youth who live with other delinquent or troubled juveniles may teach one another how to be even more serious young criminals [31]. Many juvenile sex offenders can be safely managed in the community with specialized supervision and treatment[32]. Is Treatment Important for Juvenile Sex Offenders? Many juveniles who come to the attention of law enforcement for committing sex offenses do not commit more crimes, even if they do not receive treatment[33]. However, juvenile sex offenders who do receive treatment have lower rates of reoffense for both sexual and non-sexual crimes[34]. Why Is Community Supervision Important for Juvenile Sex Offenders? Community supervision (probation or parole supervision) can help ensure that youth behave appropriately in the community, and participate in treatment. Supervision also allows trained officers or case managers to provide support to (and work closely with) parents, school personnel, and others who are responsible for juvenile offenders. What Other Strategies Are Being Used to Manage Juvenile Sex Offenders? Many states have laws regarding registration and community notification that apply to juveniles. The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, passed by the United States Congress in 2006, requires that selected (but not all) juvenile sex offenders register periodically with law enforcement and that some data about these youth be posted on the Internet. Like with adult sex offenders, there has been very limited research to date on whether juvenile registration and notification can help reduce reoffending and enhance public safety. For Additional Information and Resources CSOM has developed a variety of publications that address in greater depth the range of issues identified in this fact sheet. These documents — along with a number of other tools that have been developed by professionals in the field to aid communities in their efforts to protect themselves and their families and to become a part of the solution to reduce victimization through the effective management of sex offenders — can be found at www.csom.org. Please contact us with specific questions at askcsom@cepp.com or: Madeline Carter Director, Center for Sex Offender Management 8403 Colesville Road, Suite 720 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Phone: 301-589-9383 Fax: 301-589-3505 Email: cartermm@cepp.com Acknowledgements This fact sheet was developed by Leilah Gilligan of the Center for Sex Offender Management (CSOM) and edited by Madeline Carter and Dr. Kurt Bumby of CSOM and Debbie Smith of First Folio Resource Group, Inc. CSOM would like to express its gratitude to Suzanne Brown-McBride and Patty Wetterling for their thoughtful insights and review of this document. Endnotes
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When my long-distance boyfriend was 19, at college at a party, was drinking and slept with a girl who wasn't drinking. She told him she was 17. Nothing illegal about that except the underage drinking. Anyways, turned out she was almost 16, would have been in 10 days. Her parents pressed charges for statutory rape. He went to jail and now has to get "treatment" three times a week, he is also on probation for 15 years! He is 20 now and I'm 17. So we're not together now because he is not allowed contact with minors. We were talking still but his probation officer found out and almost put him in prison, so we don't talk anymore at all. We had been together over 6 months, live over 700 miles apart, neither of us has near enough money to visit the other, and we've never done anything sexual. Is this really fair to anyone?
The POS branded his self and should feel fortunate to be alive. When a child molester is arrested, that is for the offense they were CAUGHT with not the endless times they actually did it. I find it amusing when a staunch defender of a child molester has children that were never the victims of one of these animals. What would you do if they molested YOUR children,not someone elses children,YOUR chilren ? It would be a different story then wouldn't it? Why is that ? I'm sure sex offenders would love the offender list to not exist, then they can be the lovable neighbor who "just loves the kids" and molests them right under your nose. Cry me a river. They should be executed.
I think the offender list is stupid. Do they know that the children of the lets say "offender" are going to be effected by this also. By golly if I let my kids ever be bullied about the list. Offenders have family also, and guess what not all are even guilty!!! My love when he gets out has a family to support so NO I won't allow my children, myself, or my love to be branded!!! Wake up People!!! These laws bite....For heavens sake wake up and smell the coffee. It's evil to judge that which you don't know!!!
my son got hooked on adult pornography. he bent to the offer of reviewing child pornography. our cable provider,cox, monitored us, i guess, reported the connection with the local police department. appperently they monitored his computer and also his whereabouts when he was going to work etc. on the computer they entrapped him, florida doesn't reconize entrapment, they kept asking him to send them visuals and he did. the foot patrol officers, apperently followed him around for who knows how long. he went to work, came home, went to the grocery store, etc. he did not go to schools, playgrounds, child care places. he never approched any children. the police actually said we live a very boring life. hay, we were busy working and saving and keeping our lives going to where we thought we wanted to go. like, retirement for me, jesse loves electronic stuff. so, he had a good job, paid his bills, doesn't drink except maybe once a year, he doesn't smoke tabacco, doesn't use any drugs, except maybe x box. so, they took all his great equipment, he admitted to his crime, and got a bit less time because they didn't process their confurgation properly. so, he has been in prison for three plus years. hee will be getting out early march. he can no longer live at home because someone has a home childcare place within 1000 ft of his home. he is expected to pay for a probation officer, he has to pay for some gps device, he will have to pay for mental health, of course he has been in prison for 3.5 years and didn't get anyway, so now he will have to pay for that. he will have to pay for drug/alcohol testing even though he has never had any of those problems in anyway. in prision he was offered help with drugs, domestic violience, and ged, he has college. sooooooooooooooooo. now he will be released and go to the next prision which will last the rest of his life. he is 38 and never did anything other then working, paying his taxes, and get wayword, and thanks to cox cable, ie BIG BROTHER. the rest of his life is unsure. he has to find a job to pay for all that stuff. he can't live at his home, because our home is with 1000 ft of that home child care center. he would have to jump three or four fences, defend himself from all the barking and or attack dogs, and all the gun totin neighbors who are trying to protect their families from other gun totin people, i guess.
Maybe there is something wrong with my way of thinking. Our son had contact with a girl who he believed to be 19. There was no intercourse, but he was accused of touching her. ( She touched first ) When it was discovered she was 15, he did the right thing and told her to never contact him again, never to call him again. He had never tried to contact her, she always called him. He was also going through a child custody battle. Was it a set up? The day he won full custody in court of his young son, he was arrested later that same day and charge with this sex offense. Yes, he made a huge mistake. Which he has taken responsibility for. Which he served more than three years in prison for. Which he is serving parole for, wears GPS, can't live within 2000 ft of any place a child might be. Can not have any contact with his own son. Can not attend church. Basically, his life is over. Forever. We can't get those years that we the family has missed while his son has grown. The whole family is punished. We can no longer be a family. While we "track these low level non violent offenders" others commit murder. We only live two streets from Chelsea King's parents home, we and our son have been harassed and threatened. Today, 5/27, our son's place was raided. Our tax dollars at work. Why did they need 6 officers to see if he was in compliance? It is constant stress. I may as well be in prison, because this is no way to live. I am a retired educator, I taught children for thirty years, they were my life. Yet, I can not ever enjoy my own grandchildren. I am denied that right. My husband fought for our country's freedom, yet he has been denied the right to see his grandchildren and have his family together. While I have sympathy towards true victims, I personally believe this is a govenment witch hunt, and it is destroying too many children in it's wake. If we were really concerned about public safety, we would find a better way to handle this. In California, every offense is treated the same. Soon we will not be able to even educate our children. For there will be no money left to support the school systems. I hope your son and family is not the next victim in the sex offender game.
Where is the help for the victoms of these people? I have been paying out of my pocket for 20 years trying to cope with being a real wife to my husband, not swing at him if he touches me when i,m sleeping,not wanting to be touched, hugged all the beautiful sweeet things in life that we (all victoms) we,re meant to enjoy. Where is our stabity we.re treated like freaks because we may look down when we walk by or not smile , speak. Some have panic attacks just being around a group of people. I could go on all day. You all know what I mean, think of us ounce in a while when your feeling sorry for your sons the sex offenders. Please do not let them around children with single parents or parents with mental illness they are all eazy pray for sex offenders, trust me I know neighbor was the first to get me old man rasing a grandson,several of moms boyfriends a school psycologist and let,s not forget the two date rapes by 15 year old boys!! Where,s our Rights!
ChronoTrigger - Treatment or Abuse? I say barbaric abuse! Read on... Sex Offender "Treatment" Programs for juveniles as young as 12, including cases of "consensual sexual activity among peers", include: Plethysmographs - a metalized ring is strapped around a “male” juvenile’s genitals (there is no such devise for females) and they are forced to listen to/watch pornography including deviant sexual activity such as violent rape! This barbaric and abusive device and recordings are designed to measure any signs of arousal and the juvenile is then forced to try and masturbate afterwards. Masturbatory Satiation – juvenile males as young as 12 are forced to masturbate over and over and over while listening to/viewing pornographic images/recordings, including deviant sexual activity such as violent rape. Arousal Reconditioning – Originally developed in the early to mid-1900s to convert homosexuals to heterosexuals. Attempts to eliminate sexual feelings by pairing them with boredom, pain, or unpleasantness. In effect, assumes that sexuality can be changed through “punishment” such as electric shock therapy. Parents, warn your sons!! What you may think is normal underage sexual activity left to parents to correct and teach is currently grounds for felony sex offender convictions, registration as a sex offender for life as young as 14, and forced sex offender "treatment"!!
No offense intended to victims and their families of violent sexual assaults, but the “statutory” sex laws in all states are insane and kids/teens are being prosecuted at an alarming rate under the very laws enacted to protect them from violent predators. I am not condoning pre-teen and teenage sexual promiscuity, but think back to when you were kids/teens and you played games such as truth-or-dare, doctor, seven-minutes-in-heaven, spin the bottle, or went 'parking'. What was once 'petting' and normal sexual exploration between consenting underage teens is now grounds for life time registration as a sex offender. For those old enough to remember Woodstock…yes, that’s right, all sex offenders under today’s insane laws. Statistically over 95% of all youth could be convicted and registered as sex offenders for life! How many of our young boys and teens will we allow to be incarcerated, subjected to barbaric and abusive treatment (see Plethysmographs, arousal reconditioning, cognitive restructuring of juveniles) and then forced to register as Sex Offenders for the rest of their lives before we bring an end to this insanity? The current and potential legislation regarding this entire subject is seriously lacking any real protection of our children from violent predatory sex offenders. In fact more and more underage children are the ones who are being prosecuted and convicted at an alarming rate under the very laws enacted to 'protect them.'
The article had a lot of good points but there IS more to recidivism than a simple number. Re-offense can also depend on the type of offense committed. Treatment is not always taken into account either. I would have liked to have seen more analysis of public registries and community notification. Studies have shown high levels of vigilante violence directed at *ex offenders and their families [see -- http://www.oncefallen.com/registriesrevisited.html -]. See more @ www.oncefallen.com. I DO like much of what this article states about the need for treatment.
The 10 to 24% is typically what is pushed about. The 24% actually comes from a Canadian study of some time ago, and is one that is typically stated here in Colorado. Overall sex offender repeat sex offense is in the DOJ ballpark. Repeat sexual offenses depending on the sex offense type and the type of offender very well could be in the 24% range on the low end but is not indicative of the population of person's carrying the label of sex offender, or carrying the label of registered sex offender. The reason I am writing is that I want to give thanks and appreciation for the information that is shown. I detect no bias. The information is clearly and simply stated and is for the most very factual.
I want to first thank you for saying what you did about the residency laws and employment. These 2 things make it impossible for these people to make it after they do thier time. I know that where I live there are bus stops on every road or walking distance form a home. That means there is absolutely no place were a ex sex offender can live. I am a mom of a 21 year old sex offender. He was 15 & 17 at the time these offenses were committed and now it's coming close for him to come home. In order for him to be released he needs not just 1 address where he can possible live but several. And at this time since I've always rented I can not think of a place that will be ok. Between the landlords and the residency laws. And he needs family. Having support from family and others is very important also. But if he can't live with his family, he will have less support. One more thing is if a sex offender can go 20 years with out reoffending than why do we have to continue to put the money that is necessary towards keeping track of these people? Thank you for letting me share my concerns.
"About 12 to 24% of sex offenders will reoffend" .. According to the DOJ the recidivism rate is around 5%. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/press/rsorp94pr.htm At least your closer to the facts than Nancy Grace & politicians who have the nation believing its 100%.